One major difference between a traditional employee and an independent contractor or freelancer is how they manage taxes. A regular employee has their employer withholding their taxes; a contractor has to file their taxes on their own. And that might be the most boring part of being self-employed
A 1099 form is a US tax document that reports income you earned outside a regular salary, such as freelance or contract work. The payer sends it to you and the IRS. The most common type is the 1099-NEC for non-employee pay. If you were paid as an independent contractor, you usually get a 1099.
If you have started freelancing, taken on contract work, or received income outside a traditional paycheck, understanding what a 1099 form actually is will make tax season significantly less confusing. This guide explains what a 1099 form is, the most common types, who receives them, and how they differ from a W-2, so you can head into tax season with a clearer picture.
What is a 1099 form?
Form 1099 refers to a group of IRS information returns specifically used to report earnings separate from regular employee wages. It typically covers independent contractor payments, freelance earnings, interest, dividends, and rent.
It is important to clarify that Form 1099 does not refer to a single "1099 form", but a series of forms. Each form has a suffix that indicates the type of income it covers. For example, if you are a freelancer and an independent contractor, the 1099-NEC is the form you are more likely to use to file your taxes.
The client, company, or financial institution that pays you issues the Form 1099 and sends copies to you and the IRS. The form tells the IRS that a specific amount was paid to a specific person or business during the tax year, so that income can be matched against what you report on your own tax return. If the amounts don't match, it may trigger an IRS inquiry.
Common types of 1099 forms
According to the IRS, each form type has its own relevance and rules.
| Form | What it reports | Who typically receives it |
|---|---|---|
| 1099-NEC | Non-employee payments, particularly payments for freelance or contract work | Independent contractors and freelancers paid $2000 or more |
| 1099-MISC | Miscellaneous income, including rent, prizes, awards, and certain legal settlements | Landlords, award recipients, and others receiving specific categories of miscellaneous income |
| 1099-K | Payments processed through third-party platforms (payment apps, marketplaces) | Sellers and freelancers receiving payments via platforms like PayPal, Stripe, or similar processors, above the applicable reporting threshold |
| 1099-INT | Interest income | Anyone earning $10 or more in interest from a bank or financial institution |
| 1099-DIV | Dividend income | Investors receiving dividend payments from stocks or funds |
Who gets a 1099?
You may receive a 1099 if you earn income outside of traditional employment. Here are different categories of people who get a 1099.
- Independent contractors and freelancers: If a business pays you $2,000 or more for services as a contractor, it may need to send you a 1099-NEC. The threshold used to be $600, but it has recently been increased for the 2026 tax year.
- Gig workers: Rideshare drivers, delivery workers and other gig workers may receive a 1099-NEC or 1099-K, depending on how they are paid and the applicable reporting rules.
- Landlords and property owners: Property owners receiving rent are sometimes reported on a 1099-MISC.
- Investors: Banks and investment platforms use forms such as 1099-INT and 1099-DIV to report interest and dividend income.
The reporting threshold usually depends on the 1099 type and may change. So, don't assume that receiving or not receiving a form determines whether income is taxable.
For a more detailed breakdown on who gets a 1099, see our guide on what a 1099 employee is.
1099 vs W-2: What is the difference?
The 1099 and W-2 are both tax reporting forms, but they apply to different groups of people.
Form W-2 (employees)
A Form W-2 is a wage and tax statement document that employers must send to their employees and the IRS by January 31 each year. The form reports an employee’s total income from that job and the taxes that were withheld during the year.
In a traditional employment relationship, the employer automatically deducts income tax, Social Security, and Medicare from each paycheck. The employer also pays a matching share of Social Security and Medicare. At the end of the year, the employee receives a W-2 that shows how much they earned and the amounts already paid in taxes.
Form 1099 (freelancers and independent contractors)
On the other hand, if you are self-employed as an independent contractor or freelancer, your client doesn’t withhold your taxes, Medicare, or Social Security from your pay. The client also doesn’t pay a matching contribution. So, the full tax burden falls on you.
You are responsible for calculating and paying both income tax and self-employment tax, usually estimated and paid quarterly. And since you don’t have an employer, the self-employment tax covers both the employee and employer portions of Social Security and Medicare that would normally be shared in a traditional job.
The difference between W-2 and 1099
In practice, the main difference is that a 1099 worker must set aside money for taxes throughout the year because no taxes are automatically withheld, whereas a W-2 employee’s taxes are deducted from their pay before they receive it.
For a full side-by-side comparison, see our guide on 1099 vs W-2 explained.
Getting paid as a 1099 worker
If you are a 1099 worker, like a freelancer or independent contractor, you are in charge of your taxes and how you receive your income. Many 1099 workers work with multiple clients, sometimes across different countries and currencies.
If your clients are within the US, standard domestic bank transfers or payment platforms are typically straightforward. If you are based outside the US but earning 1099 income from US clients, receiving payment efficiently becomes a more significant practical consideration.
Receiving foreign-currency income in your local bank account means the money arrives via an international wire transfer. After the sender initiates the transfer, the money passes through one or more banks before reaching your account. Each bank charges about $10 to $30 to process the payment. And when the money finally gets to you, your bank automatically converts the payment to your local currency, usually at an exchange rate with a 1-5% hidden margin.
In the end, you might be losing over $50 on a $1,000 payment. And because the money goes through multiple banks, an international wire could take up to five days to complete.
An alternative is to open a multicurrency account that gives you access to USD, EUR, and GBP account details. This way, international clients can pay you in these currencies as if they were making a local transaction in their country. You can hold payments in these currencies and convert them whenever you like at a disclosed exchange rate.
Opening a USD account with Grey gives you US account details, including a routing number and account number, even if you don’t live in the US. Your US clients can pay you via ACH without worrying about international wire fees. You can also get paid from the US and send money internationally from the US on Grey.
Grey offers EUR and GBP accounts to receive payments via SEPA or Faster Payments from EU and UK clients. Grey deposit fee is 0.8%, and capped at 10 USD/EUR/GBP. Conversion fees depend on the currency pair, but are usually 0.5% to 1%, and sometimes capped at $6.
Signing up on Grey takes only a few minutes. Get paid in USD with Grey as an independent contractor or freelancer working with US clients from anywhere and avoid international wire fees.
Frequently asked questions about the 1099 form
What is a 1099 form used for?
A 1099 form reports income paid to someone outside regular employment wages, such as freelance or contract payments, rental income, interest, or dividends. The payer sends copies to both the recipient and the IRS, allowing the IRS to verify that the income reported on the recipient's tax return matches what was actually paid.
What is the difference between 1099-NEC and 1099-MISC?
The 1099-NEC specifically reports non-employee compensation, meaning payments for services performed by an independent contractor or freelancer. The 1099-MISC reports other categories of miscellaneous income, such as rent, prizes and awards, and certain legal settlements. Before 2020, contractor payments were reported on the 1099-MISC, but the IRS introduced the separate 1099-NEC specifically to distinguish non-employee compensation from these other miscellaneous categories.
Who has to file a 1099?
The business or individual who paid the income must file and issue the 1099, not the recipient. If you paid an independent contractor $600 or more during the tax year for services, you are generally required to issue them a 1099-NEC and file a copy with the IRS. As a recipient, you do not file the 1099 itself, but you must report the income shown on it on your own tax return.
Do I get a 1099 or a W-2?
This depends entirely on your working relationship with the payer, not on what either party calls it. If you are classified as an employee (with the payer controlling how, when, and where you work, providing your tools, and withholding taxes from your pay), you receive a W-2. If you are an independent contractor operating with genuine independence over how you complete the work, you receive a 1099.
What if I do not receive my 1099?
You are still legally required to report the income on your tax return even if you never receive the 1099 form, since the income itself, not the form, is what triggers your tax obligation. If a payer owed you $2,000 or more and hasn't sent your 1099 by early February, contact them directly to request it. Keep your own records of income received throughout the year, specifically to protect yourself in situations like this.
How do international contractors get paid?
International contractors working with US clients can receive payment most efficiently through a USD account with real US banking details, allowing the US client to pay via ACH as they would a domestic contractor and avoiding international wire fees and unfavourable conversion rates. Grey provides this setup, giving international freelancers and contractors a genuine US routing number and account number without requiring US residency.





